(b) It was a customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia.

(b) Kesari

(a) Martin Luther

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (Gandhi called off the movement due to rising violence, exemplified by incidents like those in Peshawar following Ghaffar Khan's arrest).

Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana, and Suriname), Mauritius, and Fiji. (Any two)

Value Points:
1. Popularized ideas of Enlightenment thinkers (Reason/Rationality).
2. Created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
3. Literature mocked the royalty and criticized their morality.

Unification of Italy:
- Fragmentation into 7 states; only Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by Italian princely house.
- Mazzini: Formed Young Italy, sought unitary republic.
- Cavour: Led the movement through diplomacy and alliance with France.
- Garibaldi: Led 'Red Shirts', marched to South Italy/Sicily.
- Victor Emmanuel II: Proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861.

OR (French Revolution & Identity):
- La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen).
- New French Flag (Tricolour).
- Estates General renamed National Assembly.
- Centralized administrative system and uniform laws.
- French became the common language.

(8.1) The breaking of the Salt Law at Dandi.
(8.2) Because they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling agricultural prices; unable to pay government revenue.
(8.3) In NCM, people were asked not to cooperate; in CDM, they were asked to break colonial laws (like Salt Law).

(A) Calcutta (Kolkata)
(B) Amritsar

(b) Maharashtra

(c) Coal

(c) Jute

(c) Oil India Ltd (OIL)

(b) Roadways

Environmental degradation is not region-specific. For example, air pollution from industries in one state affects neighboring states; river pollution travels downstream across state borders.

1. Agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising productivity.
2. Industries provide pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines, tools, etc. to farmers.
3. Development of transport (industrial product) helps farmers take produce to markets.

(17.1) Because it is a renewable source and uses modern technology; distinct from traditional fossil fuels.
(17.2) Madhapur, near Bhuj (Gujarat).
(17.3) Minimizes dependence on firewood/dung cakes; provides adequate manure for agriculture.

Control of Ind. Pollution:
1. Minimizing use of water by reusing/recycling (Two stages).
2. Rainwater harvesting.
3. Treating hot water/effluents before release.
4. Particulate matter reduction (electrostatic precipitators).
5. Smoke stacks/chimneys.

OR (Transport):
- Connects production centers to consumption centers.
- Facilitates movement of raw materials.
- Essential for international trade (Ports/Airports).
- Helps in national integration and defense.

(Map Work - Refer to Atlas)
(a) Salal Dam: Jammu & Kashmir (Chenab River)
(b) Gandhinagar STP: Gujarat
(c) Namrup Thermal Plant: Assam

(c) USA

(b) Education, Forest, Marriage

(c) Election Commission of India

(d) Active participation of people

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

1. Mobilize opposition to the government.
2. Voice different views and criticize government failures/wrong policies.
3. Act as a check on the ruling party.

1. Accountable: Citizens can choose rulers and hold them answerable (elections).
2. Responsive: Takes into account public needs and demands.
3. Legitimate: A people's own government formed by their consent.

Necessity of Parties:
- To contest elections.
- To put forward policies and programmes.
- To make laws (Legislature).
- To form and run the government.
- To play the role of opposition.

OR (Communalism Forms):
- Religious prejudices/stereotypes.
- Belief in the supremacy of one's religion (Majoritarian dominance).
- Political mobilization on religious lines (symbols, leaders).
- Communal violence, riots, and massacres.
- Demand for a separate state.

(28.1) A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, disregarding the wishes of the minority.
(28.2) Sinhala community.
(28.3) Increased feeling of alienation; felt government policies denied them equal rights; led to civil war.

(c) Tertiary Sector

(b) Per Capita Income

(c) Cooperative Societies

(c) Liberalisation

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines, or protection from infectious diseases. It cannot buy peace or respect in society.

1. Organize rural poor, especially women, into small groups.
2. Pool savings and provide loans at low interest without collateral.
3. Create self-employment opportunities.
4. Discuss social issues (health, domestic violence).

How: Monitors cash balance; ensures loans are given to small cultivators/small scale industries, not just profit-making businesses; banks submit periodic reports.
Why: To prevent bank failures; to ensure fair distribution of credit; to check malpractices.

(37.1) A company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
(37.2) Low cost of production (cheap labour/resources) and access to a large market.
(37.3) It leads to movement of goods between markets; choice of goods rises; prices of similar goods tend to become equal; producers compete.

Tertiary Sector Importance:
- Provides basic services (hospitals, schools, police).
- Development of agri/industry leads to demand for transport/trade.
- Rise in income levels leads to demand for tourism, shopping, private schools.
- Growth of ICT services.

OR (Public Sector):
- Building infrastructure (Railways, bridges, harbors) requiring huge capital.
- Promoting regional balance (industries in backward areas).
- Providing health and education facilities.
- Ensuring reasonable cost of goods/services (PDS system).